SHI, IAIA URGE FEDERAL PANEL TO HOLD OFF ON PROPOSED AMENDMENTS TO INDIAN ARTS AND CRAFTS ACT
Testimony heard in last of a nationwide series of consultations with Indigenous people
Aug. 18, 2023
Sealaska Heritage Institute (SHI) and the Institute of American Indian Art (IAIA) are urging the federal government to hold off on implementing proposed amendments to the Indian Arts and Crafts Act (IACA), a truth-in-advertising law that prohibits misrepresentation in the marketing of Indian art and craft products within the United States.
At a hearing today in Santa Fe, New Mexico, a panel from the U.S. Dept. of the Interior heard testimony from Indigenous people, including Tlingit artist Crystal Worl, who testified on behalf of IAIA in Santa Fe and SHI, where she serves on the institute’s Native Artist Committee representing IAIA.
In her testimony, Worl said the intent of the draft amendments is unclear and that some passages could seriously undermine the proper functioning of the IACA in protecting genuine Native American products. She also said the department should focus more on strengthening the IACA and its board, the Indian Arts and Crafts Board (IACB).
“We recommend that the department take a step back and reconsider the overall structure of the regulations implementing the IACA,” said Worl, who testified along with SHI’s Chief Operating Officer, Lee Kadinger, and SHI’s legal counsel, Jacob Adams.
According to the department, the draft revisions seek to modernize the IACA’s regulations, which are implemented by its board. The draft revisions bring a co-equal focus to promotional activities, expand the definition of Indian Product, allow for non-Indian labor to work on Indian Products in certain situations and use a new certification trademark to certify that an item is an Indian Product, according to a letter to tribal leaders sent by the department’s Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary Joan Mooney from Policy, Management, and Budget, and Assistant Secretary Bryan Newland from Indian Affairs.
The panel was seeking input on the following questions:
- The draft revisions propose that additional items would be eligible to be marketed as an “Indian Product.” Do the revisions sufficiently account for the range of Indian art and crafts that Indian artists are presently creating?
- Should Native Hawaiian Organizations be included in the definition of “Indian Tribe” for purposes of regulations implementing the Indian Arts and Crafts Act?
- The draft revisions do not modify enforcement activities. Would additional enforcement tools, such as administrative forfeiture, provide confidence to Indian artists?
On the first question, Worl testified that the attempt to broaden the “Indian Products” definition is problematic.
“While we support the idea of exploring the scope of ‘Indian Products’ definition, we are strongly opposed to the consultation draft’s approach and believe that this discussion needs to begin with the question of whether, and to what extent, the definition needs to be modified,” she said.
Worl said SHI supports the inclusion of Native Hawaiians under the IACA, but that the text should be clearly drafted so that inclusion is not overly broad and unmanageable.
On the last question, Worl testified that currently a number of means exist by which the terms of the IACA can be enforced, through administrative, criminal, and civil legal recourse.
“Although the interest in expanding these enforcement provisions is welcome, we see it as more of a distraction from a discussion of what efforts could be made to truly strengthen the functioning of the IACA and its board.
“We feel that the greatest impact on supporting Indian arts and crafts, and in turn the Indian arts and crafts market, could be made by thoughtfully and substantially developing and building upon the powers given to the IACA board—specifically the establishment, management, and enforcement of a federal nation-wide certification trademark for genuine Indian arts and crafts, that is a voluntary system,” said Worl, who took time away from her booth at the world-famous Santa Fe Indian Market to testify.
She encouraged the department to implement a strong and effective certification trademark system.
Friday’s hearing wrapped a series of consultations that also were held in Las Vegas, Nevada; Albuquerque, New Mexico; Oklahoma City, Oklahoma and Fairbanks, Alaska. The department also held a Zoom consultation. The deadline to submit written comments to consultation@bia.gov is Friday, Sept. 1, 2023.
About the Indian Arts and Crafts Act
The Indian Arts and Crafts Act (IACA) of 1990 (P.L. 101-644) is a truth-in-advertising law that prohibits misrepresentation in the marketing of Indian art and craft products within the United States. It is illegal to offer or display for sale, or sell, any art or craft product in a manner that falsely suggests it is Indian produced, an Indian product, or the product of a particular Indian or Indian tribe or Indian arts and crafts organization, resident within the United States. For a first time violation of the IACA, an individual can face civil or criminal penalties up to a $250,000 fine or a 5-year prison term, or both. If a business violates the IACA, it can face civil penalties or can be prosecuted and fined up to $1,000,000.
Under the IACA, an Indian is defined as a member of any federally or officially State recognized tribe of the United States, or an individual certified as an Indian artisan by an Indian tribe.
The law covers all Indian and Indian-style traditional and contemporary arts and crafts produced after 1934. The IACA broadly applies to the marketing of arts and crafts by any person in the United States. Some traditional items frequently copied by non-Indians include Indian-style jewelry, pottery, baskets, carved stone fetishes, woven rugs, kachina dolls, and clothing.[1]
About the Institute of American Indian Arts
The Institute of American Indian Arts (IAIA) offers undergraduate degrees in studio arts, creative writing, cinematic arts and technology, Indigenous liberal studies, and museum studies—a minor in performing arts, an MFA in creative writing, along with certificates in business and entrepreneurship, museum studies, and Native American art history. IAIA is the only college in the nation dedicated to the study of contemporary Native arts. The school serves 517 full time equivalent (FTE) Native and non-Native American college students from across the globe. IAIA is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission and is the only college in New Mexico accredited by the National Association of Schools of Art and Design. For over 50 years, IAIA has played a key role in the direction and shape of Native expression. With an internationally acclaimed college, museum and tribal support resource through its land grant programs, IAIA is dedicated to the study and advancement of Native arts and cultures and committed to student achievement and the preservation and progress of their communities.[2]
The Sealaska Heritage Institute is a private nonprofit founded in 1980 to perpetuate and enhance Tlingit, Haida and Tsimshian cultures of Southeast Alaska. Its goal is to promote cultural diversity and cross-cultural understanding through public services and events. SHI also conducts social scientific and public policy research that promotes Alaska Native arts, cultures, history and education statewide. The institute is governed by a Board of Trustees and guided by a Council of Traditional Scholars, a Native Artist Committee and a Southeast Regional Language Committee.
CONTACT: Kathy Dye, SHI Communications and Publications Deputy Director, 907.321.4636, kathy.dye@sealaska.com; Jacob Adams, SHI’s Attorney, jra@dumkelaw.com.
Caption: Photo of student weaving a cedar bark basket at SHI’s Sealaska Heritage Arts Campus. Photo by Connor Meyer, courtesy of SHI. Note: Media outlets are welcome to use this image for coverage of this story. For a high-resolution version, contact kathy.dye@sealaska.com.
[1] Source: https://www.doi.gov/iacb/act
[2] Source: https://www.linkedin.com/school/instituteofamericanindianarts/